Ocean pollution is a clear danger to human health

Ocean pollution is widespread, worsening, and poses a clear and present danger to human health and wellbeing. But the extent of this danger has not been widely comprehended – until now. Our recent study provides the first comprehensive assessment of the impacts of ocean pollution on human health.

Jacqueline McGlade, UCL and Philip Landrigan, Boston College

Ocean pollution is a complex mixture of toxic metals, plastics, manufactured chemicals, petroleum, urban and industrial wastes, pesticides, fertilisers, pharmaceutical chemicals, agricultural runoff, and sewage. More than 80% arises from land-based sources and it reaches the oceans through rivers, runoff, deposition from the atmosphere – where airborne pollutants are washed into the ocean by rain and snow – and direct dumping, such as pollution from wastewater treatment plants and discarded waste. Ocean pollution is heaviest near the coasts and most highly concentrated along the coastlines of low-income and middle-income countries.

The Ocean Pollution-Berg (Infographic)

Ocean pollution can also be found far beyond national jurisdictions in the open oceans, the deepest oceanic trenches, and on the shores of remote islands. Ocean pollution knows no borders.

The most hazardous ocean pollution

Plastic waste is the most visible component of ocean pollution. More than ten million tonnes of plastic enter the seas every year. The majority of this breaks down into microplastic particles and accumulates in coastal and deep-sea sediments.

Some large pieces float in the water for decades ending up as massive concentrations where currents converge and circulate. The Pacific Ocean’s so-called “garbage patch” is a well-known example.

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Read more: It might be the world’s biggest ocean, but the mighty Pacific is in peril

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Microplastics contain multiple toxic chemicals that are added to plastics to make them flexible, colourful, waterproof, or flame-resistant. These include carcinogens, neurotoxins, and endocrine disruptors – chemicals that interfere with hormones, and can cause cancer, birth defects, and reduced fertility.

These chemical-laden particles enter the food chain and accumulate in fish and shellfish. When humans eat seafood contaminated with these materials, we ingest millions of microplastic particles and the many chemicals they carry. Though there is still debate on the harm to humans from microplastics, exposure to these chemicals increases the risk of all the diseases that they cause. Virtually all of us have microplastics in our bodies today.

Mercury is widespread in the oceans, and the major culprit is coal burning in homes and industry. All coal contains mercury, and when it burns, mercury vaporises, enters the atmosphere, and eventually washes into the sea. Gold mining is another source, as mercury is used to dissolve gold from the ore.

Mercury can accumulate to high levels in predatory fish such as tuna and swordfish, which are in turn eaten by us. Contaminated fish can be especially dangerous if eaten by expectant mothers. Exposure of mercury to infants in the womb can damage developing brains, reducing IQ and increasing risks for autism, ADHD, and other learning disorders. Adult mercury exposure increases the risk for heart disease and dementia.

Petroleum pollutants from oil spills threaten the marine microorganisms that produce much of the Earth’s oxygen by reducing their capacity for photosynthesis. These beneficial microorganisms use solar energy to convert atmospheric CO₂ into oxygen and are also affected by organic pollutants and other chemicals. When there is a major oil spill, the impact can be huge.

Coastal pollution from industrial waste, agricultural runoff, pesticides, and sewage increases the frequency of harmful algal blooms, known as red tides, brown tides, and green tides. These blooms produce powerful toxins like ciguatera and domoic acid that accumulate in fish and shellfish. When ingested, these toxins can cause dementia, amnesia, paralysis, and even rapid death. When inhaled, they can cause asthma.

Dangerous microorganisms result from a combination of coastal pollution and warming seas, which encourages their spread. Harmful bacteria such as the Vibrio species – found in warmer waters and responsible for vibriosis, a potentially fatal illness – are now appearing further north and causing life-threatening infections. There’s a high risk that cholera, caused by vibrio cholerae, could spread to new, previously unaffected areas.

And the health impacts of ocean pollution fall disproportionately on indigenous peoples, coastal communities, and vulnerable populations in the Global South, underlining the planetary scale of this environmental injustice.

Political will and scientific evidence

While the findings in this report are alarming, the good news is that ocean pollution, as with all forms of pollution, can be controlled and prevented. Bans on single-use plastics and better waste sorting can curb pollution at its source, especially plastic waste, both on land and at sea.

Wise governments have curbed other forms of pollution by deploying control strategies based on law, policy, technology, and targeted enforcement. The US, for example, has reduced air pollution by 70% since the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970. They have saved thousands of lives. They have proven highly cost-effective.

Countries around the world are now applying these same tools to control ocean pollution. Boston Harbour in Massachusetts and Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong have been cleaned. Estuaries from Chesapeake Bay in the US to the Seto Inland Sea in Japan have been rejuvenated. Some coral reefs have been restored, such as those in American Samoa, where vigilance, protection, and quick response have happened in relation to various pollution threats.

These successes have boosted economies, increased tourism, restored fisheries, and improved health. They demonstrate that broad control of ocean pollution is feasible and their benefits will last for centuries. Our study offers some clear recommendations for preventing and controlling ocean pollution, including transitioning to cleaner energy, developing affordable alternatives to fossil fuel-based plastics, reducing human, agricultural and industrial discharges, and expanding Marine Protected Areas.

Protecting the planet is a global concern and our collective responsibility. Leaders who recognise the gravity of ocean pollution, acknowledge its growing dangers, engage civil society, and take bold, evidence-based action to stop pollution at its source will be essential for preventing ocean pollution and safeguarding our own health.

Jacqueline McGlade, Professor of Natural Prosperity, Sustainable Development and Knowledge Systems, UCL and Philip Landrigan, Professor and Director, Global Public Health Program and Global Pollution Observatory, Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College

Read the original article titled “Why ocean pollution is a clear danger to human health”.

The Ocean Pollution-Berg

Plastic waste is just the tip of a larger problem. Pollution of the oceans is widespread, worsening, and in most countries poorly controlled. Human activities result in a complex mixture of substances entering the aquatic environment.

1. Plastic waste – the tip of the pollution-berg

Plastic is a rapidly increasing and highly visible component of ocean pollution, and an estimated 10 million metric tons of plastic waste enter the seas each year. Plastic pollution threatens marine mammals, fish, and seabirds. It breaks down into microplastic and nanoplastic particles containing multiple manufactured chemicals that can enter marine organisms including species consumed by humans.

2. Oil spills – an aquatic killer

Oil spills have occurred with increasing frequency in recent years as the result of the growing global demand for petroleum. These spills have resulted in the direct release of millions of tons of crude oil and other petroleum products into the oceans.

Petroleum-based pollutants reduce photosynthesis in marine microorganisms that generate oxygen. They also disrupt food sources, destroy fragile habitats such as estuaries and coral reefs, and foul beaches.

3. Mercury – quicksilver bullets

Mercury is released from two main sources – coal combustion and small-scale gold mining. Exposures of infants in utero when pregnant mothers eat contaminated seafood can cause IQ loss and serious developmental disorders.

In adults, mercury increases the risk of dementia and cardiovascular disease.

4. Manufactured chemicals – a heady cocktail

Manufactured chemicals – phthalates, bisphenol A, flame retardants, perfluorinated chemicals, and pharmaceutical waste can disrupt endocrine signaling, reduce male fertility, damage the nervous system, and increase the risk of cancer. They can also damage coral reefs.

5. Pesticides – collateral damage

Pesticides are specifically designed to have biological effects and thus even low-dose exposures can affect living organisms, including humans. Pesticides contribute to global declines in fish stocks and also can reduce human fertility.

6. Nutrients – feeding frenzy

Industrial releases, runoff from animal feedlots, and human sewage increase the frequency and severity of the harmful algal blooms (HABs), bacterial pollution, and anti-microbial resistance.

How to reduce ocean pollution? The way forward

World leaders who take bold, evidence-based action to stop pollution at the source will be critical to preventing ocean pollution and safeguarding human health. Measures such as below could help with these six problems.

1. Plastic waste
   • Better management of plastic waste
   • Bans on single-use plastic
2. Oil spills
   • Wide-scale transfer of renewable energy
3. Mercury
   • Banning mercury use
   • Eliminating coal combustion
4. Manufactured chemicals
   • Chemical control policies
   • Mandatory premarket toxicity testing
5. Pesticides
   • Bans on persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
   • Control of industrial discharges
6. Nutrients
   • Better treatment of sewage
   • Reduced applications of fertilizers
7. ALL
   • Transition to a circular economy
   • Building scientific capacity
   • Embracing green chemistry
   • Designation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)