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Astronomy

First-ever image of a Black Hole

This is the first image ever of a black hole. The EHT (Event Horizon Telescope) captured an image of the nearby elliptical galaxy Messier 87’s (M87’s) supermassive black hole in the center of the Virgo galaxy cluster, 53 million light-years away. It was revealed today (April 10, Wednesday) in multiple press conferences around the world, and was the result of a global collaborative effort from over 200 scientists working with the EHT.

Seeing a black hole allows us to test Einstein’s theory of General Relativity in extreme gravity. It predicts a black hole will cast a circular shadow on the bright, super-heated material around it. That’s what this image of M87 reveals.

First ever image of a black hole
This is the first-ever image of a black hole.

The diffuse bright light is the “accretion disk” – swirling masses of matter orbiting the black hole chaotically. The bottom is brighter: that’s an effect of material orbiting the black hole moving in a clockwise direction such that it looks like it’s moving towards us.

But perhaps the most exciting part of this image is the “shadow” in the center, part of which contains the event horizon (see notes 1): a point that even light cannot escape! Sheperd S. Doeleman, EHT’s project director described it as the “one-way door out of our universe.”

This shadow is about five times larger than the actual event horizon because the black hole’s tremendous gravity warps the space-time, causing light to bend around its core in unstable orbit (& eventually get sucked in).

If you were floating in front of this black hole, you’d be 1- dead (very quickly) but 2-able to see the back of your own head as some light bends around the event horizon and back to your eyes!

Event Horizon Telescope (EHT): an Earth-sized telescope

For scale, this shadow is about as small as an orange on the moon would appear to us from Earth. It took 8 telescopes at 6 sites across the globe acting as a virtual “Earth-sized telescope” to patch together this image!

Event-Horizon Telescope (EHT)
The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a project to create a large telescope array consisting of a global network of radio telescopes and combining data from several very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) stations around the Earth. It is composed of many radio observatories or radio telescope facilities around the world to produce a high-sensitivity, high-angular-resolution telescope. The aim is to observe the immediate environment of the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the center of the Milky Way, as well as the even larger black hole in the center of the supergiant elliptical galaxy Messier 87, with angular resolution comparable to the black hole’s event horizon. On April 10, 2019, the first image of the black hole inside the galaxy Messier 87 was published. Image source: Argonne National Laboratory

The data were collected in 2017, and the researchers have been analyzing and triple-checking their work since.

Since the size and shape of the shadow depend on the black hole’s mass and (to a lesser extent) its spin, researchers determined the mass of M87’s supermassive black hole to be 6.5-billion times that of our Sun (with an uncertainty of 0.7 billion solar masses).

So far the data match predictions and once again give support for Einstein’s theory of general relativity, but there’s still lots more to learn! Next, the EHT is pointing its radio telescopes at Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of our own spiral home galaxy, the Milky Way. It’s much closer to us than M87’s black hole but smaller and much less active, so it’ll be tough: positioned about 26,000 light-years away, Sagittarius A* is small enough that it appears about the same size in the sky as the much farther M87.

The estimated mass of Sagittarius A* to be 2.6 ± 0.2 million solar masses, way smaller than M87’s supermassive black hole.

“We have achieved something presumed to be impossible just a generation ago,” concluded Doeleman. ​“Breakthroughs in technology, connections between the world’s best radio observatories, and innovative algorithms all came together to open an entirely new window on black holes and the event horizon.”

M87 Black Hole vs Solar System
Size comparison: M87 Black Hole vs our Solar System. The little circle is the orbit of Pluto. Voyager 1 spacecraft, which launched on September 5, 1977, and entered interstellar space on August 25, 2012, is also annotated in the image. Image source: National Science Foundation

Messier 87

One of the brightest radio sources in the sky, Messier 87 (also known as Virgo A or NGC 4486, generally abbreviated to M87) is a supergiant elliptical galaxy in the constellation Virgo. It is also a popular target for both amateur and professional astronomers.

It is located about 16.4 million parsecs (53 million light-years) from Earth.

M87 is discovered by the French astronomer Charles Messier (26 June 1730 – 12 April 1817) in 1781 and cataloged it as a nebulous feature while searching for objects that would otherwise confuse comet hunters. He is known for publishing an astronomical catalog consisting of 110 nebulae and star clusters, which came to be known as the Messier objects.

M87’s galactic envelope extends to a radius of about 150 kiloparsecs (490 thousand light-years), where it is truncated – possibly by an encounter with another galaxy.

Messier 87
Messier 87 with its halo clearly visible among other members of the Virgo Cluster. Image: Wikipedia

Notes

  1. In general relativity, an event horizon (EH) is a region in spacetime beyond which events cannot affect an outside observer. In layman’s terms, it is defined as the shell of “points of no return”, i.e., the boundary at which the gravitational pull of a massive object becomes so great as to make escape impossible. An event horizon is most commonly associated with black holes. Light emitted from inside the event horizon can never reach the outside observer. Likewise, any object approaching the horizon from the observer’s side appears to slow down and never quite pass through the horizon, with its image becoming more and more redshifted as time elapses. This means that the wavelength of the light emitted from the object is getting longer as the object moves away from the observer. The traveling object, however, experiences no strange effects and does, in fact, pass through the horizon in a finite amount of proper time.

Sources

“Black hole pictured for the first time – in spectacular detail” on Nature
“Eureka! Black Hole Photographed for 1st Time” on Space.com
“Astronomers capture the first image of a black hole” on Argonne National Laboratory webpage
Event Horizon Telescope webpage
Event Horizon Telescope on Wikipedia
Event Horizon on Wikipedia
“Astronomers Capture the First-Ever Image of a Supermassive Black Hole” on Smithsonian Magazine

M. Özgür Nevres
Özgür Nevres

By M. Özgür Nevres

I am a software developer and a science enthusiast. I was graduated from the Istanbul Technical University (ITU), Computer Engineering. In the past, I worked at the Istanbul Technical University Science Center as a science instructor. I write about the planet Earth and science on this website, ourplnt.com. I am also an animal lover! I take care of stray cats & dogs. This website's all income goes directly to our furry friends. Please consider supporting me on Patreon, so I can help more animals!

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